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[移动通信] A Handbook of Time-Series Analysis,Signal Processing

A Handbook of Time-Series Analysis,Signal Processing

A Handbook of Time-Series Analysis,Signal Processing

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 作者 D.S.G. POLLOCK
 ISBN 0-12-560990-6
 出版日期/版本 2006
 格式 PDF Adobe Acrobat

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Contents Preface xxv Introduction 1 1 The Methods of Time-Series Analysis 3 The Frequency Domain and the Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Harmonic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Autoregressive and Moving-Average Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Generalised Harmonic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Smoothing the Periodogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 The Equivalence of the Two Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 The Maturing of Time-Series Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Mathematical Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Polynomial Methods 21 2 Elements of Polynomial Algebra 23 Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Linear Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Circular Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Time-Series Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The Lag Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Algebraic Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Periodic Polynomials and Circular Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Polynomial Factorisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Complex Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 The Roots of Unity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 The Polynomial of Degree n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Matrices and Polynomial Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Lower-Triangular Toeplitz Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Circulant Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 The Factorisation of Circulant Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3 Rational Functions and Complex Analysis 55 Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Euclid's Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Partial Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 The Expansion of a Rational Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Recurrence Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Laurent Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 vii D.S.G. POLLOCK: TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS Analytic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Complex Line Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 The Cauchy Integral Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Multiply Connected Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Integrals and Derivatives of Analytic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Series Expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 The Autocovariance Generating Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 The Argument Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4 Polynomial Computations 89 Polynomials and their Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 The Division Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Roots of Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Real Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Complex Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Muller's Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Polynomial Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Lagrangean Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Divided Di erences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5 Di erence Equations and Di erential Equations 121 Linear Di erence Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Solution of the Homogeneous Di erence Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Complex Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Particular Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Solutions of Di erence Equations with Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . . 129 Alternative Forms for the Di erence Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Linear Di erential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Solution of the Homogeneous Di erential Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Di erential Equation with Complex Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Particular Solutions for Di erential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Solutions of Di erential Equations with Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . 144 Di erence and Di erential Equations Compared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Conditions for the Stability of Di erential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Conditions for the Stability of Di erence Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6 Vector Di erence Equations and State-Space Models 161 The State-Space Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Conversions of Di erence Equations to State-Space Form . . . . . . . . . 163 Controllable Canonical State-Space Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Observable Canonical Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Reduction of State-Space Equations to a Transfer Function . . . . . . . . 170 Controllability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Observability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 viii CONTENTS Least-Squares Methods 179 7 Matrix Computations 181 Solving Linear Equations by Gaussian Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Inverting Matrices by Gaussian Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 The Direct Factorisation of a Nonsingular Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 The Cholesky Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Householder Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 The Q{R Decomposition of a Matrix of Full Column Rank . . . . . . . . 196 8 Classical Regression Analysis 201 The Linear Regression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 The Decomposition of the Sum of Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Some Statistical Properties of the Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Estimating the Variance of the Disturbance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 The Partitioned Regression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Some Matrix Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Computing a Regression via Gaussian Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Calculating the Corrected Sum of Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Computing the Regression Parameters via the Q{R Decomposition . . . . 215 The Normal Distribution and the Sampling Distributions . . . . . . . . . 218 Hypothesis Concerning the Complete Set of Coecients . . . . . . . . . . 219 Hypotheses Concerning a Subset of the Coecients . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 An Alternative Formulation of the F statistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 9 Recursive Least-Squares Estimation 227 Recursive Least-Squares Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 The Matrix Inversion Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Prediction Errors and Recursive Residuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 The Updating Algorithm for Recursive Least Squares . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Initiating the Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Estimators with Limited Memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 The Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 A Summary of the Kalman Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 An Alternative Derivation of the Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Innovations and the Information Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Conditional Expectations and Dispersions of the State Vector . . . . . . . 249 The Classical Smoothing Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Variants of the Classical Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Multi-step Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 ix D.S.G. POLLOCK: TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS 10 Estimation of Polynomial Trends 261 Polynomial Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 The Gram{Schmidt Orthogonalisation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 A Modi ed Gram{Schmidt Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Uniqueness of the Gram Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Recursive Generation of the Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 The Polynomial Regression Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Grafted Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 B-Splines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Recursive Generation of B-spline Ordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Regression with B-Splines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 11 Smoothing with Cubic Splines 293 Cubic Spline Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Cubic Splines and Bezier Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 The Minimum-Norm Property of Splines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Smoothing Splines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 A Stochastic Model for the Smoothing Spline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Appendix: The Wiener Process and the IMA Process . . . . . . . . . . . 319 12 Unconstrained Optimisation 323 Conditions of Optimality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Univariate Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Quadratic Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Bracketing the Minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Unconstrained Optimisation via Quadratic Approximations . . . . . . . . 338 The Method of Steepest Descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 The Newton{Raphson Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 A Modi ed Newton Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 The Minimisation of a Sum of Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Quadratic Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 The Conjugate Gradient Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Numerical Approximations to the Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Quasi-Newton Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Rank-Two Updating of the Hessian Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Fourier Methods 363 13 Fourier Series and Fourier Integrals 365 Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Fourier Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 The Frequency Response of a Discrete-Time System . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 The Fourier Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 x CONTENTS The Uncertainty Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 The Delta Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Impulse Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 The Sampling Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 The Frequency Response of a Continuous-Time System . . . . . . . . . . 394 Appendix of Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Orthogonality Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 14 The Discrete Fourier Transform 399 Trigonometrical Representation of the DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Determination of the Fourier Coecients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 The Periodogram and Hidden Periodicities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 The Periodogram and the Empirical Autocovariances . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 The Exponential Form of the Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Leakage from Nonharmonic Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 The Fourier Transform and the z-Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 The Classes of Fourier Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Sampling in the Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Truncation in the Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Sampling in the Frequency Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Appendix: Harmonic Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 15 The Fast Fourier Transform 427 Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 The Two-Factor Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 The FFT for Arbitrary Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Locating the Subsequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 The Core of the Mixed-Radix Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Unscrambling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 The Shell of the Mixed-Radix Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 The Base-2 Fast Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 FFT Algorithms for Real Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 FFT for a Single Real-valued Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 Time-Series Models 457 16 Linear Filters 459 Frequency Response and Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Computing the Gain and Phase Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 The Poles and Zeros of the Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Inverse Filtering and Minimum-Phase Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Linear-Phase Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Locations of the Zeros of Linear-Phase Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 FIR Filter Design by Window Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Truncating the Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Cosine Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 xi D.S.G. POLLOCK: TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS Design of Recursive IIR Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 IIR Design via Analogue Prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 The Butterworth Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 The Chebyshev Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 The Bilinear Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 The Butterworth and Chebyshev Digital Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 Frequency-Band Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 17 Autoregressive and Moving-Average Processes 513 Stationary Stochastic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Moving-Average Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 Computing the MA Autocovariances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 MA Processes with Common Autocovariances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 Computing the MA Parameters from the Autocovariances . . . . . . . . . 523 Autoregressive Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 The Autocovariances and the Yule{Walker Equations . . . . . . . . . . . 528 Computing the AR Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Autoregressive Moving-Average Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 Calculating the ARMA Parameters from the Autocovariances . . . . . . . 545 18 Time-Series Analysis in the Frequency Domain 549 Stationarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 The Filtering of White Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Cyclical Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 The Fourier Representation of a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 The Spectral Representation of a Stationary Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 The Autocovariances and the Spectral Density Function . . . . . . . . . . 559 The Theorem of Herglotz and the Decomposition of Wold . . . . . . . . . 561 The Frequency-Domain Analysis of Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 The Spectral Density Functions of ARMA Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 Canonical Factorisation of the Spectral Density Function . . . . . . . . . 570 19 Prediction and Signal Extraction 575 Mean-Square Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Predicting one Series from Another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 The Technique of Prewhitening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Extrapolation of Univariate Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Forecasting with ARIMA Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 Generating the ARMA Forecasts Recursively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Physical Analogies for the Forecast Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Interpolation and Signal Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Extracting the Trend from a Nonstationary Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Finite-Sample Predictions: Hilbert Space Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . 593 Recursive Prediction: The Durbin{Levinson Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 594 A Lattice Structure for the Prediction Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 Recursive Prediction: The Gram{Schmidt Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Signal Extraction from a Finite Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 xii CONTENTS Signal Extraction from a Finite Sample: the Stationary Case . . . . . . . 607 Signal Extraction from a Finite Sample: the Nonstationary Case . . . . . 609 Time-Series Estimation 617 20 Estimation of the Mean and the Autocovariances 619 Estimating the Mean of a Stationary Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Asymptotic Variance of the Sample Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 Estimating the Autocovariances of a Stationary Process . . . . . . . . . . 622 Asymptotic Moments of the Sample Autocovariances . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 Asymptotic Moments of the Sample Autocorrelations . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 Calculation of the Autocovariances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Inecient Estimation of the MA Autocovariances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 Ecient Estimates of the MA Autocorrelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 21 Least-Squares Methods of ARMA Estimation 637 Representations of the ARMA Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 The Least-Squares Criterion Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 The Yule{Walker Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Estimation of MA Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 Representations via LT Toeplitz Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Representations via Circulant Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 The Gauss{Newton Estimation of the ARMA Parameters . . . . . . . . . 648 An Implementation of the Gauss{Newton Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 Asymptotic Properties of the Least-Squares Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . 655 The Sampling Properties of the Estimators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 The Burg Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 22 Maximum-Likelihood Methods of ARMA Estimation 667 Matrix Representations of Autoregressive Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 The AR Dispersion Matrix and its Inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 Density Functions of the AR Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 The Exact M-L Estimator of an AR Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 Conditional M-L Estimates of an AR Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 Matrix Representations of Moving-Average Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 The MA Dispersion Matrix and its Determinant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 Density Functions of the MA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 The Exact M-L Estimator of an MA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 Conditional M-L Estimates of an MA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 Matrix Representations of ARMA models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 Density Functions of the ARMA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 Exact M-L Estimator of an ARMA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 xiii D.S.G. POLLOCK: TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS 23 Nonparametric Estimation of the Spectral Density Function 697 The Spectrum and the Periodogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 The Expected Value of the Sample Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 Asymptotic Distribution of The Periodogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Smoothing the Periodogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 Weighting the Autocovariance Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 Weights and Kernel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 Statistical Appendix: on Disc 721 24 Statistical Distributions 723 Multivariate Density Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 Functions of Random Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 Moments of a Multivariate Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 Degenerate Random Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 The Multivariate Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 Distributions Associated with the Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 733 Quadratic Functions of Normal Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 The Decomposition of a Chi-square Variate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 Limit Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 Stochastic Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740 The Law of Large Numbers and the Central Limit Theorem . . . . . . . . 745 25 The Theory of Estimation 749 Principles of Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Identi ability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 The Information Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 The Eciency of Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 Unrestricted Maximum-Likelihood Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 Restricted Maximum-Likelihood Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 Tests of the Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
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谢谢楼主共享~~~~~

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谢谢共享!感谢斑竹!

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谢谢楼主分享,想看看

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谢谢楼主分享,想看看

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Thanks a lot for the sharing.

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好书,多谢楼主分享!

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